Life, Liberty... and Property

No one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions. - John Locke

The right of property is that which every citizen has of enjoying and of disposing at his discretion of his goods and income, of the fruits of his labor and industry. - French Constitution of 1793

That all men are by nature equally free and independent, and have certain inherent rights... namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety. - Virginia Declaration of Rights, 1776

That the inhabitants of the English Colonies in North America, by the immutable laws of nature... are entitled to life, liberty, and property, and they have never ceded to any sovereign power whatever, a right to dispose of either without their consent. - DECLARATION OF COLONIAL RIGHTS, FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS, 1774

Property does not exist because there are laws, but laws exist because there is property. - Frédéric Bastiat

The right of man to private property is, therefore, the right to enjoy one's property and to dispose of it at one's discretion (a son gre), without regard to other men, independently of society, the right of self-interest. This individual liberty and its application form the basis of civil society. - Karl Marx, 1843

Government originated in the attempt to find a form of association that defends and protects the person and property of each with the common force of all. - Jean Jacques Rousseau

The recognition of individual rights entails the banishment of physical force from human relationships: basically, rights can be violated only by means of force... The only function of the government, in such a society, is the task of protecting man’s rights.

In a capitalist society, all human relationships are voluntary. Men are free to cooperate or not, to deal with one another or not... i.e., by means of discussion, persuasion, and contractual agreement, by voluntary choice to mutual benefit. The right to agree with others is not a problem in any society; it is the right to disagree that is crucial. - Ayn Rand

Thomas Paine on the Constitution

[Excerpts from Common Sense and from Rights of Man]  

 

 In America THE LAW IS KING

 

...how necessary it is at all times to watch against the attempted encroachment of power, and to prevent its running to excess.

 

...it is necessary to consider a Constitution in both its cases: -First, as creating a Government and giving it powers.  Secondly, as regulating and restraining the powers so given.

 

[FIRST]

 

The Constitution of a county is not the act of its Government, but of the people constituting a Government.

 

...individuals themselves, each in his own personal and sovereign right, entered into a compact with each other to produce a Government

 

It may not be improper to observe that in both those instances (the one of Pennsylvania, and the other of the United States) there is no such thing as an idea of a compact between the people on one side and the Government on the other.  The compact was that of the people with each other to produce and constitute a Government.  To suppose that any Government can be a party in a compact with the whole people is to suppose it to have existance before it can have a right to exist.

 

A Constitution is not the act of a Government, but of a people constituting a Government; and a Government without a Constitution is power without a right.  All power exercised over a Nation must have some beginning.  It must either be delegated or assumed.  There are no other sources.  All delegated power is trust, and all assumed power is usurpation.

 

[SECONDLY]

 

...the check is the Constitution, which in effect says, Thus far shalt thou go and no further.

 

...the authority of future assemblies will be to legislate according to the principles and forms prescribed in that Constitution; and if experience should hereafter show that alterations, amendments, or additions are necessary, the Constitution will point out the mode by which such things shall be done, and not leave it up to the discretionary power of the future Government.

 

A Government on the principles on which constitutional Governments arising out of society are established, cannot have the right of altering itself.  It it had, it would be arbitrary.  It might make itself what it pleased; and wherever such a right is set up, it shows there is no Constitution.

 

From the want of a Constitution in England to restrain and regulate the wild impulse of power, many of the laws are irrational and tyrannical, and the administration of them vague and problematical.

 

[Recall that England does not have a written Constitution and instead relies on its body of common law and court rulings to determine the authority of government]

Almost every case now must be determined by some precedent, be that precedent good or bad, or whether it properly applies or not.

 

Whatever the form or Constitution of Government may be, it ought to have no other object than the general happiness.  When instead of this it operates to create or increase wretchedness, in any parts of society, it is on a wrong system and reformation is necessary. 

[Note, the "general happiness" not the "happiness of the majority."  Any Government that purposely places the burdens of society on a part or a minority in order to benefit the majority is wrong and demands redress.]

Thomas Paine on War and Taxes

[Excerpts from Common Sense and from Rights of Man regarding war and taxes] 

Our plan is commerce, and that, well attended to, will secure us the peace and friendship of all Europe; because it is in the interest of all Europe to have America a free port.  Her trade will always be her protection...

[The government appears] to say to itself: "If nobody will be so kind as to become my foe, I shall need no more fleets or armies, and shall be forced to reduce my taxes."

...taxes were not raised to carry on wars, but that wars were raised to carry on taxes.

...if [the King] rashly declares war as a matter of right, and [Parliment] peremptorily withholds the supplies as a matter of right, the remedy becomes as bad, or worse, than the disease.  The one forces the Nation to combat, and the other ties its hands; but the more probable issue is that the contest will end in a collusion between the parties, and be made a screen to both.

[It is interesting to note that our Founding Fathers expressly vested the authority to commit the military in the Legislative to avoid this situation.

Congress shall have Power... To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;

For the past sixty years, however, the President has had the ability to commit the Armies, while the Legislative simply approves funding.  Supposedly this is a "check" on the President committing us to wars that are not in the best interest of the Nation, however as Mr. Paine points out, this is rarely the case in practice, since once committed it would be a churlish man indeed who denied supplies to Troops already engaged in combat.]